The one who is holding the money being argued about is called the מוחזק. He has the upper hand in Beis Din

Grapes that fall and are left behind during the harvest. We must leave them for the poor.

כל הקודם זכה

Whoever comes first can acquire it. As a קנסto someone who acts against the חכמיםand places something hazardous in רשות הרבים, the Bais Din makes the hazardous item הפקר, and anyone can come and take it.

המוציא מחבירו עליו הראיה

עבדינן שליחותייהו

עבד עברי נרצע

עבד כנעניis a Jewish slave. He works for 6 years, then goes free. He can marry a שפחה כנעניתwhile he is a slave. If he wants to remain a slave, he gets his ear pierced and is a slave until יובל. This is called a נרצע- pierced.

Translation: The one who takes away from the one trying to take money away from the מוחזקis called the _מוציא_. He has the lower hand, and he needs to bring the proof (המוציא מחבירו עליו הראיה)

פרט

The תורהteaches us: If someone digs a pit, ונפל שמה שור או חמור- and an ox or donkey fall there and die, he is חייבto pay for the damages. The חכמיםteach us that the word שורteaches us that he is only חייבto pay if an animal dies, but not if a person dies in the pit. And the word חמורteaches us that one is only חייבto pay if an animal dies, but not if a vessel is destroyed in the pit.

מוחזק

The judges in בבלact as the שלוחיםof the judges in Eretz Yisroel, and can rule even though there's no סמיכהin בבל. This is only used in cases of ממון(financial loss).

A predated שטר. If the שטרhas a date that is earlier than the date of the actual loan, the שטרis פסול. This is because of the risk that the lender may collect illegally from מועבדים.

שור ולא אדם,חמור ולא כלים

שטר

הלכה ואין מורין כן

This is the הלכה, but we don't publicize it. In certain situations, although the הלכהallows something, the Bais Din will advise not to do it, if asked.

שטר מוקדם

A document that records a financial transaction.